Improvement of Photosynthetic Pigment Characteristics, Mineral Content, and Antioxidant Activity of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus and Seaweed Extract Foliar Application

Beneficial plant–microbe interaction for enhancing crop yield and quality is a sustainable way to achieve eco-friendly, desirable agricultural productions. The main objective of this experiment was evaluate the individual combined effects an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) strain (Funneliformis mosseae) seaweed extract (SWE) derived from Ascophyllum nodosum, on growth physiological responses lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Lettuce plants were inoculated with commercial AMF inoculum (5 g kg−1 soil), SWE foliar application done at three levels (0.5, 1.5, 3 L−1). findings revealed that along generated greatest impact. In fact, co-application inoculation L−1 considerably enhanced root colonization, chlorophyll a, b, total chlorophyll, carotenoids, mineral content in shoots roots (N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, Mn content) plants. This combination improved initial fluorescence (F0), photochemical efficiency PSII (FV/Fm) Y(NO) antioxidant activity (TAA), whereas maximum fluorescence, (Fm) Y(II), showed highest increase treated 1.5 SWE. Furthermore, SWE, concentrations L−1, variable (FV) water decomposition electron donor photosystem II (FV/F0). As result these findings, it can be stated positively improves development